First, broadening means that the meaning of a word becoming more general, such as, the word dog in English derives from dogge, which was originally a particularly powerful breed of dog in England. Another example, in Indonesian word bapak, originally use as addressee to our truly father. However, nowadays, the word bapak become broad and it’s not only an addressee for our truly father but also men who older than us.

Second, narrowing means that the meaning of a word becoming specific, for example, in Indonesian word sarjana, originally, it means that every people who were educated and intellectual. Nowadays, its meaning becomes narrow that is every people who were graduated from university.

Third, bifurcation means that the change by which a word acquires another meaning that relates in some way to the original meaning. For example, pitch black, pitch is a very black substance like tar. So, pitch black means ‘completely black’.

Fourth, shift means that a word completely loses its original meaning and acquires a new meaning. For example, in English word silly, it originally means ‘blessed’ but now silly means ‘stupid’ or ‘reckless’. Another example, in Malaysian word seronok, it originally means a very beautiful girl but in Indonesian, this word means ‘porn’.

To sum up, language changes overtime. Meaning also changes overtime, it’s depend on culture, technology and so on.

Reference:

An Introduction to Historical Linguistics Book

You have got my attention a lot since 2010. I did not like to do that actually, but it’s hard to throw you from my mind.

I acted like a foolish girl in front of you. I don’t know. I’m just confused/nervous when I met you or you met me accidentally.

I hope I’m not in love with you.

It has been two months, I did not meet you. I really miss you, but I don’t know how to cure it. I hope you feel the same but it’s apparently impossible.

I hope I’m not in love with you.

Since I feel something different to you, I always pray for you. I pray for your study, your family, etc. Till now, I nearly pray for you every single day.

I hope I’m not in love with you.

Today, I really miss you. I don’t know why. I wish I can see your face for a while. But, it seems only illusion. What kind of person you are so you can make me feel like this, huh?

I hope I’m not in love with you.

April 1st, 2012

South Jakarta

Menurut KBBI online alias daring, lupa itu berarti: 1 lepas dr ingatan; tidak dl pikiran (ingatan) lagi; 2 tidak teringat; 3 tidak sadar (tahu akan keadaan dirinya atau keadaan sekelilingnya, dsb); 4 lalai; tidak acuh. Nah, tampaknya saya masuk kategori lupa no 2. 

Selama magang di Jakarta, saya sering kali melupakan beberapa hal. Pertama, saat pindah ke kosan baru, saya sering ‘kelewatan’ gang kosan. Padahal, saya udah di kosan itu lebih dari dua minggu. Kedua, ‘kelupaan’ Hard Disk External. Saya selalu bawa HD External ke kantor karena di situ saya menyimpan semua file-file kerja. Tapi, suatu hari saya lupa bawa HD itu. Alhasil, saya harus balik ke kosan lagi untuk mengambilnya. Untung jarak kosan dan kantor lumayan dekat. Ketiga, setiap weekend dua minggu sekali, saya biasanya balik ke Bandung, tempat kuliah saya. Minggu lalu, saat saya ke Bandung, saya lupa bawa alat ‘make-up’ kakak saya. Padahal, alat ini mau dipake buat dandan ke wisudaan ITB (hehe ). Keempat, Selasa lalu, tempat minum saya ketinggalan di ATM Center. Saya ‘melupakan’-nya saat mengisi pulsa di ATM tersebut. Saya balik lagi ke ATM yang cukup jauh dari kosan saya itu. Untungnya, botol minum berwarna biru itu masih diam di atas mesin ATM. Itulah beberapa hal ‘lupa’ yang bisa saya ingat dan saya sharing-kan. Selebihnya, saya lupaa…

Karena beberapa kejadian ini, saya akhirnya merenung dan mencoba memahami kenapa saya bisa melupakan hal-hal itu. Setelah saya pikir-pikir, saya menyimpulkan bahwa saat kita lupa, kita berada dalam kondisi tidak fokus atau sedang banyak pikiran. Kita tidak fokus saat menjalankan suatu hal, sehingga kita melupakan hal lain. [#rumit]

Banyak pikiran, tentu saja bisa menyebabkan ‘kelupaan’. Mikirin ini, itu, yang di sana, yang di sini, sehingga kita melupakan yang dekat dengan kita [#rumit juga]. Selain itu, kesehatan yang menurun juga bisa membuat kita bisa lupa. Itu menurut pengalaman saya. Bagaimana denganmu?

Semoga setelah baca tulisan ini, Anda tidak lupa.. #eh

Hehe  

by: hyas 12 IPA 2

–Puisi saat mau UN–

–Puisi saat duduk di kelas dua SMA–
Lucu juga ya, hehe

–Cisarua, August 12th, 2011–

Filed under: Random Tagged: nature, plants, trees ]]> http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/r-a-n-d-o-m/feed/ 0 heartnoteandwildthought http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/feminism-and-lady-macbeth/ http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/feminism-and-lady-macbeth/#comments Fri, 13 Apr 2012 03:40:05 +0000 hyas_tina http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/?p=229 ]]> One of William Shakespeare’s plays that strongly contain feminism issue is Macbeth tragedy. Macbeth tragedy portrays cruelty, self ambition and power abuse (U.S: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc, 1985). Macbeth, the main character, is influenced by women in making decision of his life. Firstly, Macbeth is influenced by the prophecies of the three witches; to become a thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor and then shall be a king one day (Act 1, Scene 3). Macbeth wrote a letter to his wife to tell about the prophecies. In order to fulfill the prophecies, Lady Macbeth initiated to murder the King, Duncan. Macbeth finally agreed to murder the King and took the throne. However, in the end, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth did not get happiness, they are dead. In this tragedy, Macbeth is a victim of the women who is made decisions in his life. The feminism issue in this drama is not good because the women were portrayed as a person who had a bad impact for the men. This essay will explore the feminism of Lady Macbeth.

Lady Macbeth seems to have a strong desire to fulfill the prophecies. When she asked her husband to murder the king, it showed that the her position as a woman is esteemed. She positioned herself as a woman that has authority to make a good decision even from his husband. She also mocked his husband while Macbeth hesitated to do the murdering. It can be seen from the conversation: “when you durst do it, then you were a man” (Act 1, scene 7) It means that if Macbeth dared to do the murdering, then he is a man and vice versa. Moreover, West (2010) adds that that conversation means “Lady Macbeth challenges her husband’s manhood, certainly encouraging him to murder”. From that, it can be said that Lady Macbeth controlled his husband and she has power.
Lady Macbeth also shows an irony behind his power. In line 55 Act 1, scene 7, she said: “I have given suck, and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me-..Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out..”. She realizes that she is a woman and she should do those actions. In addition, Davis (2009) says that “according to materialist feminism theory, despite her strength, Lady Macbeth’s eventual weakness is a result of patriarchal of her gender”. Although Lady Macbeth is strong, she has weakness too. West (2011) also adds that “Lady Macbeth is certainly the most prominent example of monstrous feminism in the play. She defies traditional role of motherhood.. This perversion of one of the most sacred acts of motherhood enhances the horror of the length she would cross to achieve her goal”.

According to the nineteenth Century, feminine preserve: “it was the space of home and the hearth of sympathy and nurture, of simple piety and childrearing”. In this drama, Lady Macbeth did not fulfill that she is a good woman. She is selfish, did not harm, and over control. Ferrel (2011) says that “Lady Macbeth appears strong, rational, determined, ambitious, and at times even barbarous woman”.. Furthermore, Davis (2009) adds that “Lady Macbeth is selfish and abnormal. She does not have desire to have and to protect children”. From those, it can be concluded that Lady Macbeth is not a good woman. She does not show how the feminism of woman should be, that is: she should be as a home, a hearth, and also should have sympathy and nurture.
All in all, Lady Macbeth did not show feminism as a woman in Macbeth tragedy. She is selfish, abnormal, and ambitious woman. She initiated a murder and then make his husband, Macbeth, downfall. She also controlled his husband, even challenged his manhood. As a good wife, she should lead his husband to wise decision; has sympathy; nurture; and should be as a home and hearth.

References:

Allen, Emily, & Felluga, Dino. (2002). “Modules on General Introduction to Theories of Gender and Sex. Purdue University.
Available on http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/theory/

Durband, Alan. 1985. Shakespeare Made Easy: Macbeth. U.S: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc

Davis, Marion A. 2009. A Brief Look at Feminism in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/67/a-brief-look-at-feminism-in-shakespeares-macbeth accessed on January 12th, 2012.

Ferrel, B David. 2011. Shakespearean Feminism, Desdemona and Lady Macbeth [1]. http://factoidz.com/shakespearean-feminism-desdemona-and-lady-macbeth-1/ accessed on January 12th, 2012.

West, Nadine. 2010. Feminism in Macbeth. http://bookstove.com/book-talk/feminism-in-macbeth/ accessed on January 12th, 2012.

Filed under: Essay Tagged: essay, feminism, king macbeth, lady macbeth, literature, tragedy macbeth, writing ]]> http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/feminism-and-lady-macbeth/feed/ 0 heartnoteandwildthought http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/macbeths-characterization/ http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/macbeths-characterization/#comments Fri, 13 Apr 2012 03:26:55 +0000 hyas_tina http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/?p=224 ]]> An Analysis of Macbeth’s Characterization in Macbeth Tragedy

Macbeth is one of the plays written by the most famous playwright in Elizabethan era, William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare portrays self ambition, power abuse and cruelty in Macbeth (U.S: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc, 1985). Macbeth is a tragedy; Macbeth also the main character in this play. The story begins when the three witches make prophecies for Macbeth and Banquo. Macbeth’s prophecies are he becomes a Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and he shall be a king one day while Banquo’s prophecy is his children shall be kings. In the beginning, Macbeth is known for his valor, courage, nobleness, and fidelity (Harper, 2011). Because of those prophecies, Macbeth begins to think of it and tells his wife, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth asks him to murder Duncan, the king of Scotland at the time, if he wants to fulfill the prophecies. Macbeth, followed by his ambition too, agrees with his wife to murder Duncan. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth’s characterization is changing; he becomes a ruthless and greedy king (Froud, 2011). This essay will explore the changing of Macbeth’s characterization: from brave, loyal and honored soldier to ambitious person; from humble and kind to ruthless and greedy; and from loving and caring person to unloving and uncaring person.

At first, Macbeth is brave. It is seen from Malcolm’s comment “..Hail, brave friend” (Act I, scene 2). Harper (2011) also says that Macbeth is humble. His friendship with Banquo is supporting that characterization. Their conversation about the prophecies shows that they have already known each other and stress that Macbeth is a humble person. It can be seen from this conversation.
Macbeth: “Your children shall be kings”
Banquo : “You shall be king”,
Macbeth: “And the thane of Cawdor too: went it not so?”
(Act I, scene 3)

Moreover, Froud (2011) says that the bravery and loyalty of Macbeth can seen from King Duncan’s comment “..For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name..” (Act I, scene 2). Froud also says that King Duncan who is at the time the king of Scotland rewards him for his bravery and loyalty by giving him a new title The Thane of Cawdor. Besides, when Macbeth tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, about his experience and the prophecies through a letter, Macbeth shows that he is also loving and caring person. In addition, in The Analysis of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth (2008), when Macbeth writes to his wife by using “my dearest partner of greatness” shows that Lady Macbeth is an equal in their relationship.

Macbeth’s characterization changes when his wife advises him to murder King Duncan in order to complete the prophecies. Lady Macbeth said that “..it is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness..” (Act I, scene 5). Suggesting by his wife, Macbeth also thinks about the prophecies to be a king. Firstly, he has doubt to murder Duncan but because of his ambition; he did it when King Duncan comes to their house. Furthermore, Froud (2011) says that Macbeth’s characterization is change that is become ambitious. Macbeth murdered King Duncan in order to obtain the crowd and complete the prophecies. Although in the beginning he is doubt to murder the King, he still do that because the influence and support from his wife. Harper (2011) also adds that Macbeth is self-conscious about himself being ambitious, and he also prophecies his own fall,
“Prince of Cumberland! That is a step on which I must fall down or else o’erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires:”
(Act I, scene 4)

It can be seen that Macbeth’s characterization is changing from a brave and loyal person to ambitious person. He is blinded by power and ambition.

“I go, and it is done; the bell invites me. Hear it not Duncan; for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell” (Act II, scene 1). It means that finally, Macbeth murdered King Duncan. After murdered the King Duncan, Macbeth replaces him becomes a king of Scotland. He is controlled by his ambition and also power. He still remembers the prophecies of Banquo; that is the children of Banquo shall be kings. Because of that he murdered Banquo and also his son. In Macbeth, a Character Analysis, (2011) explores that Macbeth wrapped up his guilt in his ambitions and murderous thought. He lost his human sense, he murder his own best friend and try to murder his best friend’s son just to complete the witches prophecies. Macbeth becomes greedy and bloodthirsty (Froud, 2011). Besides, he also murdered Macduff’s son and wife in order to block Macduff to take his throne. Harper (2011) also says that in the end, Macbeth becomes gradually used to the ruthless murdering and turns into a bloodthirsty monster. Macbeth become ruthless and power hungry. His attitudes also change to his wife, Lady Macbeth. He loses his compassion and love to his wife. In The Analysis of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth (2008) says that there is a dramatic change in relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. When making plan to murder Banquo and his son, Macbeth does not share it to his wife like planned to murder King Duncan. During Act IV, there is no scene of Lady Macbeth and she is not mentioned by Macbeth too. They never meet again till Lady Macbeth got sick and hallucinated about the night they murdered King Duncan. Macbeth just said to the doctor “Cure her of that”. Besides, the tragic one is when Lady Macbeth died. Macbeth just said “She should have died hereafter: There would have been time for such a word.” (Act V, scene 5). It can conclude that there is no more love to his wife. Macbeth is changing.

To sum up, there are so many characterizations changing throughout Macbeth’s play. He goes from brave, loyal and honored person to ambitious person; humble and kind to ruthless and greedy; and loving and caring person to unloving and uncaring person. The changing of Macbeth’s characterization is influenced by the three witches, his wife and himself. Macbeth was blinded by the prophecies that are to get the throne of Scotland Kingdom. Actually, Macbeth has an error of judgment. It can be said that Macbeth may do not follow the prophecies of the three witches and suggestion of his wife. Trough this plays, it can be said too that every characteristic of human is changing. They are changing maybe because of power and status. The changing may become good or bad. It depends on the person.

References
Durband, Alan. 1985. Shakespeare Made Easy: Macbeth. U.S: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc

Froud, Alex. 2011. Macbeth, a Character Analysis. www.sage.com accessed on November 12th, 2011

Harper, Ellie. 2011. Change in Macbeth. www.sage.com accessed on November 12th, 2011

White, David. 2011. Good and Evil Forces. www.sage.com accessed on November 12th, 2011

“The Analysis of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth”. 2008. www.eCheat.com accessed on October 31th, 2011

Filed under: Essay Tagged: king macbeth, literature, macbeth and banquo, tragedy macbeth, writing ]]> http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/macbeths-characterization/feed/ 2 heartnoteandwildthought http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/merak-dance/ http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/merak-dance/#comments Thu, 12 Apr 2012 11:58:01 +0000 hyas_tina http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/?p=215 ]]> Written by @hyas_tina and @irmarizkiani
Assigned by Puspa Safitrie

Merak dance is a traditional dance which comes from Java, Indonesia. It usually performs in West Java and East Java. Merak dance is a new creation dance from ‘Pasundan’ or Sundanese, West Java. Firstly, it was created by Raden Tjeptjep Somantri in 1950. However, in 1965, this dance re-introduced with the new motions by Irawati Urban, the dancing art lover which comes from Bandung, West Java.

Actually, this dance tells about the beauty of male peacock which aim to attract the female peacock, but many people assume that it tells about the life and cheerfulness of female peacock. The male peacock will show its beauty and colorful long fur tail. That act is like a grace dance to show its best beauty. The male peacock believes that the female peacock will amaze and they will continue to their sacral wedding ceremony. Every movements of Merak dance is full of cheerfulness and happiness, so this dance always used as the gift dancing for the visitors or to welcome the groom to the altar in the wedding ceremony.
In a performance, generally Merak dance is performed by one or several woman dancers. They wear the fully colored costume, such as red, yellow, and green. Actually, those colors describe the beauty of peacock itself. Its fully colored costume is decorated with the dominant characteristic that is the fully pa-yet wings which can be movable by its dancers gracefully which can make this dance more beautiful, and also the crown named ‘singer’ which will sway when its dancers make their head motion. To make it more interesting, they also wear the matching colored scarf. The scarf is tidied up on the Merak dancers waist. It looks like a pair of the peacock wing.

Following with the gamelan sunda music tools, Merak dance performance starts. The slowly movement from the dancers becomes the special characteristic of it. From beginning until ending, its dancers do the movements which describe the gracefully, the beautifully and the agility of the peacock itself. Based on its story, all of its movements describe a male peacock which is trying to attract the female peacock.

In every events, this dance usually performs especially for welcoming the ‘tamu agung’ or to introduce the Indonesian culture especially the Sundanese culture to the international class. Merak dance is also performed in the Sundanese wedding ceremony, this dance always be the welcoming dance of the groom who will come to the altar.

From many sources

Filed under: Cultures Tagged: java indonesia ]]> http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/merak-dance/feed/ 0 heartnoteandwildthought Merak dance http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/211/ http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/211/#comments Thu, 12 Apr 2012 11:38:58 +0000 hyas_tina http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/?p=211 ]]> It’s also my assignment
Reader Response about “It Wasn’t Me”

It Wasn’t Me short story by Jan Mark tells about the story of a girl named Ronda who wants to help her mother to be a housemaid as long as her mother got ill. Ronda’s mother works in Chloe Vernon’s house as a housemaid. When she got ill, Ronda changes her to be a housemaid there. The instructions that received by Ronda are sometimes from the message that Chloe Vernon put in the kitchen. Then, Ronda experiences her job as housemaid and she also amaze to Chloe Vernon. She imagines if she is a Chloe Vernon till she realized that she is not Chloe Vernon. In this story, Ronda is heterodiegetic narrator or the third omniscient and the character-focalizer.

For the first, Ronda is heterodiegetic narrator. Narrative voice was always about someone speaks (Genette). Heterodiegetic narrator is a kind of narrative voice. Heterodiegetic narrator is narrative voice as third omniscient. Related to that theory, Ronda, here, is heterodiegetic narrator because her point of view is the third person. We can see in the line 3 “Ronda tried to guess. In her view there was very little that Chloe…” Another example is in the ninth paragraph “Ronda poured the tea and passed Muma mug.” This is also shows that Ronda here is the third omniscient. The second, Ronda is character-focalizer.

Focalization was always someone sees. It is shown by perceptual verbs such as “I looked”, “she saw”, and “he heard”, et cetera and the use of verbs indicating cognitive process like “She thought” and so on (Genette). In my opinion, here, Ronda becomes a focalizer especially character-focalizer because it have the same level as the character. We can see in the sentences “Ronda looked round the kitchen”, “Ronda saw that, in its way, Chloe’s work was as extensive as her own”, and “Ronda listened for the bell to ring”. From those sentences, we can see that Ronda is a focalizer because she is a third person narrator and the character of Ronda was seen through the eyes of the character. There is also narrator shift in this story. Narrator shift happen when there is a shift between (narrated) direct speech or thought and (character focalized) free indirect of free direct speech or thought. We can see that in the shift of 10th and 11th paragraph. In 10th paragraph, “I wouldn’t put it past her…” That is direct speech or thought while in the 11th paragraph, “Ronda looked round the kitchen…” is free indirect speech or thought.

To sum up, this story consists of narrative voice and focalization and also the narrator shift. Honestly, when I read this story for the first time, I am confused because the point of view is hard to find.

Filed under: Essay Tagged: essay, short story, writing ]]> http://hotgantina11sinaga.wordpress.com/2012/04/12/211/feed/ 0 heartnoteandwildthought